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Foreign Policy

Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain

On June 12, 1898, Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain at Cavite and raised the Philippine flag, issuing the Philippine Declaration of Independence.

Emilio Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence from Spain

The declaration signaled Filipino aspirations for sovereign nationhood and complicated diplomatic outcomes of the Spanish–American War, foreshadowing the later Philippine–American War and long-term U.S. policy dilemmas.

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