The POTUS Timeline
Military Action

Outbreak of the Philippine–American War (engagements near Manila)

On February 4, 1899, armed clashes between U.S. Army forces and Filipino troops near Manila erupted into open hostilities, marking the start of the Philippine–American War.

The outbreak transformed U.S. policy from occupation to counterinsurgency, initiating a protracted conflict that profoundly affected American imperial policy and McKinley-era governance of the Philippines.

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