John Adams

Adams was a prominent advocate for independence, a diplomat who helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783), and an influential early statesman who helped shape constitutional government.

As president he strengthened federal institutions, appointed John Marshall to the Supreme Court, and steered the nation away from full-scale war with France; his support for the Alien and Sedition Acts, however, left a contested legacy on civil liberties.

Negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris; Served as George Washington's vice president; Elected second U.S. president (1797–1801); Signed the Alien and Sedition Acts; Avoided all-out war with France during the Quasi-War; Appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice