As president Adams promoted a national program of internal improvements, scientific advancement, and federal support for education, but his ambitious agenda faced strong political opposition. Elected by the House in 1824 amid charges of a “corrupt bargain,” he lacked a durable partisan base and lost reelection to Andrew Jackson.
After leaving the White House he served in the House of Representatives from 1829 until his death in 1848, earning distinction as a vigorous critic of slavery and as counsel for the Amistad captives. Historians regard him as an accomplished statesman whose principled public service and diplomatic record left a lasting, if complex, legacy.